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8086 ¼È¦s¾¹

¼È¦s¾¹¬O¦b CPU ¤¤¤@­Ó¼È®ÉÀx¦s¸ê®Æªº¦a¤è¡C¥¦¦³ÂI¨à¹³°O¾ÐÅé ( DRAM )¡A¦ý¬O¤£¹³°O¾ÐÅé³o»ò¤j¡A¤@­Ó¼È¦s¾¹¥u¦³¤@­Ó¡B¨â­Ó©Î¥|­Ó¦ì¤¸²Õªº¤j¤p¡A¨ì¤F AMD64¡BINTEL64 ( ©Î¦XºÙ x86-64 ) ªº CPU ®É¥N¡A¼È¦s¾¹¤~¦³¤K­Ó¦ì¤¸²Õ ( ¨Æ¹ê¤W«Ü¤Ö¤H¥Î¤K­Ó¦ì¤¸²Õ³oºØÃã·J¡A³q±`¬O¥Î¥|¦r²Õ¡A¥ç§Y QWORD¡A¤@­Ó¥|¦r²Õ¦@¦³ 64 ¦ì¤¸ ) ªº¤j¤p¡CCPU ¥i¥Hª½±µ¹ï¼È¦s¾¹§@¥[¡B´î¡B­¼¡B°£¡B¥B¡B©Î¡B·h²¾µ¥¹Bºâ¡C8086/8088 ¦@¦³ 14 ­Ó 16 ¦ì¤¸ªº¼È¦s¾¹¡A¨ä¦WºÙ³£¥H¨â­Ó­^¤å¦rªí¥Ü¡A¤j­P¥i¤À¬°¥H¤U¥|Ãþ¡C


1.³q¥Î¼È¦s¾¹¡]general register¡^

¦@¦³¥|­Ó¡A¨ä¦WºÙ¤À§O¬O AX¡BBX¡BCX¡BDX¡A¦b²Õ¦X»y¨¥µ{¦¡¤¤¡A«Ü¤Ö¦³­­¨î­þ¤@­Ó¼È¦s¾¹¤@©w¨Ï¥Î¦b­þ¤@ºØ¥Î³~¡A©Ò¥H¤j­P¨S¦³¤Ó¤jªº®t§O¡A¦ý¬O¨ä¤¤¥u¦³ AX ( accumulator¡A¤]ºÙ¬°²Ö¥[¾¹ ) ¥i§@¬°°£ªk©Î­¼ªk¤¤ªº³Q°£¼Æ»P³Q­¼¼Æ¡A·í 16 ¦ì¤¸¤£°÷¤j®É¡A±`±`¥Î DX:AX ¨Óªí¥Ü 32 ¦ì¤¸¡C¦¹¥~³o¥|­Ó¼È¦s¾¹¡A¥u¦³ BX ( base register¡A¤]ºÙ¬°°ò©³¼È¦s¾¹ ) ¥i¥H³Q§@¬°¦ì§}¦s¨ú¤§¥Î¡CCX ¤]ºÙ¬°­p¼Æ¼È¦s¾¹ ( count register )¡A¥Î©ó­pºâ°j°é¤§¦¸¼Æ©Î¦r¦ê³B²z¤§¦¸¼Æ¡CDX ¤]ºÙ¬°¸ê®Æ¼È¦s¾¹ ( data register )¡A¥i¥Î¨Ó¦s¨ú°ð¡C

³o¥|­Ó¼È¦s¾¹¡A¨C¤@­Ó³£¯à©î¶}¨Ó¡A¦¨¬°¨â­Ó 8 ¦ì¤¸ªº¼È¦s¾¹¨Ï¥Î¡A¨Ò¦p AX ¥i³Q¤À¦¨¸û§Cªº 8 ¦ì¤¸ºÙ¬° AL¡A¥H¤Î¸û°ªªº 8 ¦ì¤¸ AH ¨Ó¨Ï¥Î¡C¨ä¾l BX¡BCX¡BDX ¤]³£Ãþ¦ü¡C

2.«ü¼Ð»P¯Á¤Þ¼È¦s¾¹

¦³¤­­Ó¡A¨ä¦WºÙ¤À§O¬O SP¡BBP¡BIP¡BSI¡BDI¡C«e­±¨â­Ó SP ( stack pointer¡AºÙ¬°°ïÅ|«ü¼Ð ) »P BP ( base pointer¡A¤]ºÙ¬°°ò©³«ü¼Ð ) ¬O»P°ïÅ| ( stack ) ¦³Ãöªº¼È¦s¾¹¡A½Ð°Ñ¦Ò²Ä¤K³¹¦³Ãö°ïÅ|ªº¤º®e»P²Ä¤E³¹¦³Ãö°Ï°ìÅܼƪº¤º®e¡A¥HÀò±o¸Ô²Óªº°ïÅ|¸ê®Æ¡C°ïÅ|¬O¤@¶ô°Ï°ì¡A¥Î¨Ó¼È®É¦s©ñ¸ê®Æ¤§¥Î¡A¦b 8086/8088 ¤¤¡A°ïÅ|¬O¥Ñ³Ì°ª¦ì§}¤¤¶}©l¦s©ñ¡A¨C¦¸³£¥²¶·¦s¤J¤@­Ó¦r²Õªºªø«×¡A¨Ã¥Î¤@²Õ«ü¼Ð¡A¨Óªí¥Ü°ïÅ|¤w¸g¨Ï¥Î¨ì¨º¨à¤F¡A³o²Õ«ü¼Ð´N¬O SS:SP¡C¤]´N¬O»¡¡A·í¦¨¬O­n±N¸ê®Æ¦s¤J°ïÅ|®É¡A¸Ó¸ê®ÆÀ³¸Ó¦s©ñ¦b SS:SP ©Ò«üªº¦ì§}¦A§C 2 ­Ó¦ì¤¸²Õ¡AµM«á CPU ¦A¨Ï SP ¤§¤º®e´î 2¡A¨Ï SP ¦A«ü¨ì¤U¤@­Ó¥¼¨Ï¥ÎªºªÅ¶¡¡C

¨º¤°»ò±¡§Î·|­n±N¸ê®Æ¦s¤J°ïÅ|¤º©O¡H¦³¦n´XºØ±¡§Î¡A¨Ò¦p©I¥s°Æµ{¦¡®É¡A·|¹w¥ý§âªð¦^¦ì§}¦s¤J°ïÅ|¡Q©I¥s¤¤Â_®É¤]¬O¦p¦¹¡CBP ³q±`¥Î©ó©I¥s°Æµ{¦¡®É¡A¶Ç»¼°Ñ¼Æ¤§¥Î¡C

IP (instruction pointer¡AºÙ¬°«ü¥O«ü¼Ð) °t¦X CS Åܦ¨ CS:IP¡A«ü¦V±N­n°õ¦æªº 8086/8088 ¦ì§}¡C·í CPU ­n°õ¦æµ{¦¡®É¡A¥²¶·¨ì°O¾ÐÅé¥h´£¨ú­n°õ¦æªº«ü¥O¡A¦Ó­n¨ì¨º¤@­Ó°O¾ÐÅé¦ì§}¥h´£¨ú«ü¥O©O¡H³o®É CPU ´N·|¨ì CS:IP «ü¨ìªº¦ì§}¥h´£¨ú¡C¦bµ{¦¡¤¤¡A¤@¯ë¬O¨S¦³¿ìªk§ïÅÜ CS:IP ªº­È¡A°£«D¬O¸õÅD (jmp¡Bjzµ¥) «ü¥O©Î¬O©I¥s (call¡Bretµ¥) «ü¥O¡C

SI (source index¡AºÙ¬°¨Ó·½¯Á¤Þ¼È¦s¾¹) ©M DI (destination index¡AºÙ¬°¥Øªº¯Á¤Þ¼È¦s¾¹) ³q±`¬O¥Î¨Ó·í§@¦ì§}«ü¼Ð¡A¤]¥i¥Î§@¥[´îªk¡C³o¤­­Ó¼È¦s¾¹¡A¨C¤@­Ó³£¤£¯à¤À¶}¨Ó·í§@¨â­Ó 8 ¦ì¤¸ªº¼È¦s¾¹¨Ï¥Î¡C


3.°Ï¬q¼È¦s¾¹

¦³ CS¡BDS¡BES¡BSS ¥|­Ó¡A¤À§Oªí¥Üµ{¦¡½X(code segment register)¡B¸ê®Æ(data segment register)¡BÃB¥~(extra segment register)¡B°ïÅ|(stack segment register)°Ï¬q¤§¥Î¡C¦b DOS ¨t²Î¤¤¡A¨C¤@­Ó°Ï¬q®e¶q¥u¦³ 64KBytes¡C

·í¸ê®Æ°Ï¬q¤£°÷¥Î®É¡A´N¥i¥H¥ÎÃB¥~°Ï¬q¨Ó¸É¨¬¡A¨Ò¦p·Q­n±N¤@­Ó°Ï¬qªº¬Y¨Ç¤º®e½Æ»s¨ì¥t¤@°Ï¬q¤¤¡A´N¥i¥H¦P®É«ü©w DS¡BES ¤À§Oªí¥Ü³o¨â­Ó°Ï¬q¡C

4.ºX¼Ð¼È¦s¾¹

ºX¼Ð¼È¦s¾¹ (flag register) ¬O¤@­Ó 16 ¦ì¤¸ªº¼È¦s¾¹¡A¦ý¥u¦³¨ä¤¤¤E­Ó¦ì¤¸¦³¥Î¨ì¡A¥¦­Ì¤À´²¦b³o¤Q¤»­Ó¦ì¤¸¤¤¡A±Ä¥Î³oºØ¤À´²¤è¦¡¬O¬°¤F»P¦¡ªº 8080 CPU ªººX¼Ð¬Û¦P¡A¨ä¤À¥¬¦p¤U¹Ï©Ò¥Ü¡G

³o 9 ­ÓºX¼Ð¥i¤À¬°¤TÃþ¡Gª¬ºAºX¼Ð ( status flag )¡B±±¨îºX¼Ð ( control flag ) »P¨t²ÎºX¼Ð ( system flag )¡Cª¬ºAºX¼Ð¥]§t CF¡BPF¡BAF¡BZF¡BSF ©M OF¡A¥¦­Ì·|¨ü¨ìºâ³N¡B¤ñ¸û©ÎÅÞ¿è¹Bºâµ²ªGª¬ºAªº¼vÅT¡A¦Ó¨ÏºX¼Ð³Q³]©w ( set¡A¨ä­È¬° 1 )¡A©Î³Q²M°£ ( clear¡A¨ä­È¬°¹s )¡C²Ä 10 ¦ì¤¸ªº DF ¥Î¨Ó±±¨î±½´y¡B·h²¾¡B·j´M¦r¦êªº¤è¦V¡AÄݩ󱱨îºX¼Ð¡C¦Ü©ó IF¡BTF ¬°³]­p§@·~¨t²Î¡B°£¿ù®É¤~»Ý­n¥Î¨ì¡AÄÝ©ó¨t²ÎºX¼Ð¡A¤@¯ëÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡«Ü¤Ö¨Ï¥Î¡C©³¤U²³æ¤¶²Ð³o¨ÇºX¼Ð¡G

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        mov     ax,8000h
        add     ax,8000h
8000h¡Ï8000h À³¬° 10000h¡Aµo¥Í¶i¦ì¡AÁöµM AX ¬° 0¡A¦ý¬O·|¨Ï CF ³]¬°¤@¡Aªí¥Ü¶i¦ì¡C
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auxiliary carry flag
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4 AF=1¡AAC
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zero flag
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6 ZF=1¡AZR
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        mov     ax,8000h
        add     ax,8000h
¬Û¥[«á¡AAX ¬°¹s¡A¬G ZF ³]¬°¤@¡C
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sign flag
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trap flag
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interrupt flag
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direction flag
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overflow flag
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10F7:0100 EB19           JMP    0119

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80x87 ¼È¦s¾¹

³Ì¦­¨Ï¥Î¦b IBM PC ¤Î¬Û®e¾÷ºØªº FPU ¬O 8087¡A«á¨Ó¤S¤À§O¦³¶i¶¥ªº 80287¡B80387¡A¦o­Ì¦XºÙ¬° x87¡Cx87 ¦@¦³¤­Ãþ¼È¦s¾¹¡A¥¦­Ì¬O°ïÅ|¼È¦s¾¹ ( register stack )¡Bª¬ºA¦r²Õ ( status word )¡B±±¨î¦r²Õ ( control word )¡B¼ÐÅÒ¦r²Õ ( tag word )¡B¨Ò¥~«ü¼Ð ( exception pointer )¡C


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x87 ¦@¦³¤K­Ó°ïÅ|¼È¦s¾¹¡A¨ä¦WºÙ¬O ST(0)¡BST(1)¡BST(2)¡K¡KST(7)¡A¨ä¤¤ ST(0) ³QºÙ¬°°ïÅ|³» ( TOS¡ATop Of Stack )¡A¦b²Õ¦X»y¨¥¤¤¤]¥i²¼g¦¨ ST¡C³o¤K­Ó°ïÅ|¼È¦s¾¹¨C¤@­Ó³£¦³ 80 ¦ì¤¸ªº¤j¤p¨Ó¦s©ñ¯BÂI¼Æ¡A¨Ã¥B¥H¼È®É¹ê¼Æªº§ÎºA¦s©ñ¡A¥i¥H»¡¬Û·íªº·Ç½T¡C·í x87 °õ¦æ FLD¡BFILD µ¥«ü¥O¡A±q°O¾ÐÅ餤ªº¾ã¼Æ¡Bµu¹ê¼Æµ¥¤£¦P®æ¦¡¸ü¤J¼Æ­È®É¡Ax87 ¯à¦Û°ÊÂà´«¦¨¼È®É¹ê¼Æ®æ¦¡¨ì°ïÅ|¼È¦s¾¹ùØ¡F·í x87 ¹J¨ì¹³ FIST¡BFST µ¥«ü¥O¡A­n§â°ïÅ|¼È¦s¾¹¤ºªº¼Æ­È¦s¤J°O¾ÐÅ餤¡Ax87 ·|¦Û°ÊÂà´«¦¨©Ò«ü©wªº®æ¦¡¡C

x87 ¥i¥H°õ¦æ³\¦h½ÆÂøªº­pºâ¡A¦p¨D¥¿©¶¡B¾l©¶¡B¹ï¼Æ¡K¡Kµ¥¹Bºâ¡A³£¬O¥H°ïÅ|¼È¦s¾¹¤ºªº¼È®É¹ê¼Æ¬°¹Bºâªº¸ê®Æ¡A¦]¦¹¤]ºÙ¬°¸ê®Æ¼È¦s¾¹ ( data register )¡C¦³³\¦hªº¹Bºâ³£¬O·|²o¯A¨ì TOS ¡A¦³®É¤]¦³ TOS ©M¨ä¥L°ïÅ|¼È¦s¾¹°µ¹Bºâ¡A©Ò¥H TOS ±`±`¬O¥i¥H¬Ù²¤¡Aµ{¦¡³]­p®v±o¤p¤ß³oºØ¡yÁô§t¡zªº¼gªk¡A¥H§K³y¦¨§xÂZ¡C

³o 8 ­Ó°ïÅ|¼È¦s¾¹ªº¦WºÙ¡AST(0)¡BST(1)¡BST(2)¡K¡Kµ¥µ¥¡A¨Ã¤£¬O©T©w«ü¬Y­Ó°ïÅ|¼È¦s¾¹¡C¦Ó¬O¥Ñª¬ºA¦r²Õ ( ©³¤U»¡©ú ) ªº¤T­Ó ST ¦ì¤¸«ü©w°ïÅ|³»¡A¦Ó¤U¤@­Ó°ïÅ|¼È¦s¾¹´N¬O ST(1)¡B¦A¤U¤@­Ó´N¬O ST(2)¡K¡K¡C

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  1. X ( ¤]ºÙ¬° IC¡Ainfinity control bit¡AµL­­¤j±±¨î¦ì¤¸ )¡G8087¡B80287 ¦³¨âºØ¤è¦¡¥i¥H¹ï¡yµL½a¤j¡z»P¦³­­¼Æ§@¤ñ¸û¡A¤@ºØ¬O§â¥¿µL½a¤j»P­tµL½a¤j¬Ý¦¨¼Æ½u¤Wªº¨âºÝ¡A¨S¦³¼Æ¤ñ¥¿µL½a¤jÁÙ¤j¡A¤]¨S¦³¼Æ¤ñ­tµL½a¤jÁÙ¤p¡A³o¼Ëªº¤è¦¡¤U¦³­­¼Æ¬O¥i¥H©M¥¿¡B­tµL½a¤j¤ñ¸û¡C¥t¤@ºØ¬O§â¥¿¡B­tµL½a¤j¬Ý¦¨¦P¤@ÂI¡A¬Û·í©ó§â¼Æ½u¶¦X¡A³o®É¦³­­¼Æ¤£¥i¥H©M¥¿¡B­tµL½a¤j¤ñ¸û¡C«eªÌºÙ¡yaffine closure¡z¡AIC ³]¬° 1¡F«áªÌºÙ¡yprojective closure¡z¡AIC ³]¬° 0¡A³oºØ¤è¦¡¤]¬O FINIT «áªº¤º©w­È¡C¦b«á¨Óªº FPU ùØ¡A¨ÃµL¤Ó¤j¥Î³B¡A¦ý¤´«O¯d¤U¨Ó¡A¬°¤F»P 8087¡B80287 ¬Û®e¡C

  2. RC ( rounding control bits¡A±Ë¤J±±¨î¦ì¤¸ )¡G²Ä 10¡B11 ¦ì¤¸¬O¥Î¨Ó¨M©w¦p¦ó°µ±Ë¤J°Ê§@ªº¡C
    RC±Ë¤J±±¨î »¡©ú¨Ò¤l
    00¥|±Ë¤­¤J ¦V³Ìªñªº¾ã¼Æ
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    4.5 ==> 5
    -4.5 ==> -5
    01¦V­tµL½a¤j±Ë¤J ¥¿­È±Ë¥h¤p¼Æ³¡¤À
    ­t­È±Ë¥h¤p¼Æ³¡¤À«á¦A´î¤@
    4.5 ==> 4
    -4.4 ==> -5
    10¦V¥¿µL½a¤j±Ë¤J ¥¿­È±Ë¥h¤p¼Æ³¡¤À«á¦A¥[¤@
    ­t­È±Ë¥h¤p¼Æ³¡¤À
    4.5 ==> 5
    -4.5 ==> -4
    11¦V¹s±Ë¥h ¤£½×¥¿­t­È§¡±Ë¥h¤p¼Æ³¡¤À 4.5 ==> 4
    -4.5 ==> -4


  3. PC ( precision control bits¡Aºë±K«×±±¨î¦ì¤¸ )¡G³o¬O¬°¤F°t¦X¬Y¨Ç¹q¸£¼t°Ó©Ò»s³y¸û§Cºë±K«×ªº¾÷¾¹¦Ó³]ªº¡A¨ä¹ê¦b 8087 ¤º³¡ªº°ïÅ|¼È¦s¾¹³£¬O¥H 80 ¦ì¤¸ªººë±K«× ( ¥ç§Y 64 ¦ì¤¸¦³®Ä¼Æ¡B15 ¦ì¤¸«ü¼Æ¤Î¤@¦ì¤¸²Å¸¹ )¡A¦s©ñ¤Î³B²z¸ê®Æ¡C·íµM¡A¦pªG¦³®Ä¼Æªººë±K«×§C¡A³B²z®É¶¡´N¤ñ¸ûµu¡A¦]¦¹¦pªG¤£¶·°ªºë±K«×¡A¦Ó¤S­n¨D§Ö³tªº±¡§Î¤U¡A¥i¥H³]©w PC ¦ì¤¸¡CPC ¦ì¤¸ªºªí¥Ü¤è¦¡¬O¡G
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  1. ¦£¸L«ü¥Ü¾¹ ( busy indicator )¡G¦b²Ä 15 ¦ì¤¸¡A³o­Ó¦ì¤¸ªí¥Ü 8087 ¬O§_¥¿¦b°õ¦æ©R¥O©Î¹Bºâ¡A¨Ã¨S¤Ó¤jªº¥Î³B¡C

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  4. ¿ù»~ºK­nª¬ºA¡G²Ä 7 ­Ó¦ì¤¸¬° ES ( error summary status )¡A·í¦ì¤¸ 0 ¨ì 5 ¤¤ªº¥ô¤@­Ó¦ì¤¸³]©w®É¡A¦¹¦ì¤¸´N·|³]©w¡C­Y¦¹®É¥¼¸n¾Bªº¸Ü¡A´N·|©I¥s¬ÛÃöªºµ{¦¡°õ¦æ¨Ò¥~³B²z¡C

  5. °ïÅ|¿ù»~¡G²Ä 6 ­Ó¦ì¤¸ºÙ¬° SF ( stack fault ) ¦ì¤¸¡C·í°ïÅ|¼È¦s¾¹¤¤¡Aµo¥Í°ª¹L¤W­­©Î§C©ó¤U­­®É¡Ax87 ·|³]©w¦¹¦ì¤¸¡C

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virtual interrupt flag
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